Keywords
distribution
ornitochory
Scots pine
stand indicators
health condition
nature reserve fund напівпаразит
поширення
орнітохорія
сосна звичайна
, таксаційні показники
санітарний стан
природно-заповідний фонд
How to Cite
Abstract
Introduction
In conditions of global climate change and increasing aridity, the weakening of pine forests has been observed. In the last 10–15 years a new threat for pine forests of Ukraine has appeared, namely a lesion by a semi-parasitic species pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm.).
The purpose of the study was to analyze the main biological and ecological traits of pine mistletoe, to identify the areas of its vast distribution in the pine forests of Ukraine, and to evaluate the main indexes, productivity, and forest health of the pine stands affected by mistletoe.
Materials and Methods
We analysed herbarium collections, literary data, floristic databases, and databases of forest health surveys of pine stands affected by pine mistletoe. We also used methods of forest science and comparative ecology.
Results
Nowadays pine mistletoe is typically classified as a subspecies of white mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm.), as confirmed via molecular-genetic study. It primarily grows on crown branches of coniferous trees, such as various Pinus L. species. It can also be found on Picea A. Dietr. and Larix Mill. branches, although this is less common. In Ukraine, the species has only been observed growing on Scots pine. Pine mistletoe is an ornitochore, and its seeds are primarily dispersed by birds, including Turdus viscivorus Linnaeus, 1758, Bombycilla garrulus Linnaeus, 1758, and Sylvia atricapilla Linnaeus, 1758. Research shows that pine mistletoe primarily colonizes dominant trees with large crowns and roots in pine stands. It is important to note that this species demonstrates specificity in host selection.
The first reports of pine mistletoe in Ukraine were recorded in the 1940s to 1950s in Polissia. Currently, pine stands infected by pine mistletoe have been found in various regions of the country: the zone of mixed forests, Polissia region, physical-geographical areas of Volyn Polissia, Zhytomyr Polissia, Kyiv Polissia, and Chernihiv Polissia. Additionally, occurrences have been noted in the Forest-Steppe zone, Podilsko-Prydniprovsky region, Kyiv highland area, and Central-Prydniprovsky highland area. According to our estimates, the pine mistletoe has infected a total area of roughly 13,500 hectares of pine forests. This comprises approximately 2,100 hectares in Polissia and 11,400 hectares in the Forest-Steppe zone.
The majority of the infested stands consist of overmature (54%), pure pine stands (72%), with high growth classes (57%) and average density (67%).
Pine mistletoe is distributed in the nature reserve fund of Ukraine, in particular in nature reserves Rivnensky, Cheremsky, Polisky and Drevliansky; national natural parks Shatsky, Holosiyvsky, Prypiat-Stokhid; the botanical reserve of the state significance Lisnyky, the botanical reserves of the local significance Mykhailivsky and Dakhnivsky, the zoological reserve of the local significance Imshan, the landscape reserve of the local significance Obukhivsky. Currently the pine mistletoe control in Ukraine is hampered due to the fact that in Volyn Region and Zhytomyr Region it is included into the lists of rare and protected plant species.
Conclusions
Now in Ukraine, there is a lack of data on the distribution and area of pine stands infected by pine mistletoe as well as the dynamics of species spreading in the last 5–10 years. Besides, there is no data concerning the influence of the species on the health state and productivity of pine stands. Thus, the infection of pine forests by pine mistletoe should be considered on the national level. Colonization of pine by mistletoe decreases the vitality of infected trees, which leads to the defoliation and the death of shoots, and a decrease in annual growth. During a drought, it can bring about the death of the whole host tree. In Ukraine, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive study of pine mistletoe in pine forests which, in turn, should result in appropriate forest management measures for the pine stands affected by Viscum album ssp. austriacum.
5 Figs., 58 Refs.
References
Bilgili, E., Coskuner, K. A., Baysal, I., Ozturk, M., Usta, Y., Eroglu, M., Norton, D. 2020. The distribution of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) forests: from stand to tree level. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 35(1-2): 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2020.1729402
Bilgili, E., Ozturk, M., Coskuner, K. A., Baysal, I., Serdar, B., Yavuz, H., Eroglu, M., Usta, Y. 2018. Quantifying the effect of pine mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine. Forest Pathology, 48: e12435. https://doi.org/10.1111/efp.12435
Bilonozhko Yu. O., Rabokon, A. M., Postovoitovа, A. S., Kalafat, L. O., Boiko, N. S., Pryvаlikhin, S. M., Topchii, T. V., Demkovych, A. Ye., Blume, Ya. B. and Pirko, Ya. V. 2021a. Genetic polymorphism of white mistletoe (Viscum album L.) in Ukraine. Factors in experimental evolution of organisms, 28: 36–41 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.7124/FEEO.v28.1372
Bilonozhko, Yu. O., Rabokon, A. M., Postovoitova, A. S., Kalafat, L. O., Pryvalikhin, S. M., Demkovych, A. Ye., Blume, Ya. B., Pirko, Ya. V. 2021b. Intraspecific differentiation in white mistletoe (Viscum album L.) using the analysis of intron length polymorphism of ?-tubulin genes and the SSR analysis. Cytology and Genetics, 55.1: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452721010035
Bordzilovskyi, Ye. I. and Lonachevskyi, O. O. 1952. Genus 220. Mistletoe – Viscum L. In: Коtоv, М. І. (Eds.). Flora of Ukrainian SSR. Vol. IV. Kyiv, Publishing House of Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, p. 173–176 (in Ukrainian).
Catal, Y. and Carus, S. 2011. Effect of pine mistletoe on radial growth of crimean pine (Pinus nigra) in Turkey. Journal of Environmental Biology, 32.3: 263–270. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51876987
Cherkasy DSA [Cherkasy District State Administration]. 2022. [Electronic resource]. Cherkasy district administration. Available at: https://cherkassyrda.gov.ua/cherkaska-oblast/2021/04/09/golova-derzhlisagentstva-ukrayiny-yurij-bolohovets-z-robochym-vizytom-vidvidav-cherkaskyj-derzhlisgosp (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian).
Chornobrov, O. Yu., Sotnyk, L. P., Pryadko, O. I. 2019. Pine mistletoe (Viscum austriacum Wiesb.) in the pine forests of the Holosiivskyi National Nature Park (Kyiv). In: Plants and Urbanization. Proceedings of the Eighth International Scientific and Practical Conference. Dnipro, DSAEU, р. 84–86.
Danylyk, I., Kuzyarin, O., Danylyk, R., Sosnovska, S. 2022. Regionally rare species of vascular plants of Volyn region (Ukraine). Notes in Current Biology, 1.3: 8–17 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.29038/2617-4723-2022-1-1-2
Davydenko, K., Vasaitis, R., Menkis, Au. 2017. Fungi associated with Ips acuminatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Ukraine with a special emphasis on pathogenicity of ophiostomatoid species. European Journal of Entomology, 114: 77–85. DOI:10.14411/eje.2017.011
Dobbertin, M., Hilker, N., Rebetez, M., Zimmermann, N., Wohlgemuth, T., Rigling, A. 2005. The upward shift in altitude of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) in Switzerland – the result of climate warming? International Journal of Biometeorology, 50: 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-005-0263-5
Dobbertin, M. and Rigling, A. 2006. Pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum) contributes to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) mortality in the Rhone valley of Switzerland. Forest Pathology, 36: 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2006.00457.x
GBIF [the Global Biodiversity Information Facility]. 2023. [Electronic resource]. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Available at: https://www.gbif.org/species/4068991 (accessed 27.02.2023).
Getmanchuk, A. I., Kychylyuk, O. V., Voytyuk, V. P., Borodavka, V. O. 2017. The regional changes of climate as primary causes of strong withering of pine stands in Volyn Polissya. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 27.1: 120–124 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.15421/40270127
Hayashi, S., Miyamoto, E., Kudo, K., Kameoka, H., Hanafusa, M. 1996. Comparison of the volatile components of three mistletoes. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 8: 619–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1996.9701029
Hosseini, S. M., Kartoolinejad, D., Mirnia, S. K., Tabibzadeh, Z., Akbarinia, M. and Shayanmehr, F. 2007. The effects of Viscum album L. on foliar weight and nutrients content of host trees in Caspian forests (Iran). [Electronic resource]. Polish Journal of Ecology, 55.3: 579–583. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228751114 (accessed 27.02.2023).
iNaturalist [Database on Biodiversity Information]. 2022. [Electronic resource]. California Academy of Sciences. Available at: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id= any&subview=map&taxon_id=484660 (accessed 01.12.2022).
Jab?o?ski, T., Tarwacki, G., Sukovata, L. 2019. Pine forest conditions in Poland in 2015-2018. In: Pine forests: current status, existing challenges and ways forward. Proceedings of International Scientific and Practical Conference. Kyiv, Planeta-Print, р. 83–88.
Kahle-Zuber, D. 2008. Biology and evolution of the European mistletoe (Viscum album). Doctoral Thesis. Zurich, 112 p. https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005728816
Kartoolinejad, D., Hosseini, S. M., Mirnia, S. K., Akbarinia, M., Shayanmehr, F. 2007. The relationship among infection intensity of Viscum album with some ecological parameters of host trees. [Electronic resource]. International Journal of Environmental Research, 1(2): 143–149. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/27794328 (accessed 01.12.2022).
Kollas, C., Gutsch, M., Hommel, R., Lasch-Born, P., Suckow, F. 2018. Mistletoe-induced growth reductions at the forest stand scale. Tree Physiology, 38.5: 735–744. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpx150
Kotov, M. I. 1941. Vegetation and flora of the “Horyste” reserve and its surroundings. In: Nature reserve of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR “Horyste”. Kyiv, p. 95–117 (in Ukrainian).
Krasylenko, Yu., Sosnovsky, Ye., Atamas, N., Popov, G., Leonenko ,V., Jano??kov?, K., Sytschak, N., Rydlo, K., Sytnyk, D. 2020. The European mistletoe (Viscum album L.): distribution, host range, biotic interactions and management worldwide with special emphasis on Ukraine. Botany, 98.9: 1–53. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2020-0037
Kr?tkoterminowa prognoza wyst?powania wa?niejszych szkodnik?w i chor?b infekcyjnych drzew le?nych w Polsce w 2019 r. 2019. Jab?o?ski, T. (Ed.). S?kocin Stary, Instytut Badawczy Le?nictwa, 160 s.
List of regionally rare species of vascular plants of Zhytomyr region. 2010. [Electronic resource]. Decision of the Zhytomyr Regional Council from 08 September 2010. No 1162. Available at: http://6.zt.gov.ua/old/index.php?go=sor&p=ses26r (accessed 27.02.2023) (in Ukrainian).
Loranthaceae Juss. [Euro-MedPlantBase ? the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity]. 2022. [Electronic resource]. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem. Available at: http:// http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameId=25273 &PTRefFk=7300000 (accessed 04.12.2022).
Lorenc, F. and V?le, A. 2022. Characteristics of Pinus sylvestris stands infected by Viscum album subsp. austriacum. [Electronic resource]. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, 139(1): 31–50. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359772746 (accessed 27.02.2023).
Marynych, O. M., Parkhomenko, H. O., Pashchenko, V. M., Petrenko, O. M., Shyshchenko, P. H. 2007. Physico-geographical zoning. In: Rudenko, L. H. National atlas of Ukraine. Kyiv, SSIE Cartography, р. 228–229 (in Ukrainian).
Mathiasen, R. L., Nickrent, D. L., Shaw, D. C., Watson, D. M. 2008. Mistletoes: Pathology, systematics, ecology, and management. Plant Disease, 92.7: 988–1006. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-92-7-0988
Mejnartowicz, L. 2006. Relationship and genetic diversity of mistletoe (Viscum album L.) subspecies. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 75.1: 39–49. https://doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2006.007
Mellado, A. and Zamora, R. 2014. Generalist birds govern the seed dispersal of a parasitic plant with strong recruitment constraints. [Electronic resource]. Oecologia, 176.1: 139–147. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263778682 (accessed 27.02.2023).
Mellado, A. and Zamora, R. 2017. Parasites structuring ecological communities: The mistletoe footprint in Mediterranean pine forests. Functional Ecology, 31(11): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12907
Meshkova, V. L. and Bobrov, I. O. 2020. Parameters of Pinus sylvestris health condition and Ips acuminatus population in pure and mixed stands of Sumy region. Proceedings of the Forestry Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 20: 131–140. https://doi.org/10.15421/412012
M?guez, F., Fern?ndez-Mar?n, B., Hern?ndez, A., Becerril, J. M., Garc?a-Plazaola, J. I. 2015. Does age matter under winter photoinhibitory conditions? A case study in stems and leaves of European mistletoe (Viscum album). [Electronic resource]. Functional Plant Biology, 42(2): 175–185. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277683506 (accessed 27.02.2023).
NPL Holosiivskyi [Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev forest management and the hunting economy. Measures to improve the sanitary state of forests]. 2022. [Electronic resource]. Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev FMHE. Available at: https://kyivlis.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Perelik-ZPSSL-NPP-Golosiyivskyj-01.11.19.pdf (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian).
On Nature Reserve Fund of Ukraine. 2021. [Electronic resource]. Law of Ukraine from 08 August 2021. No 2456-XII. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/en/2456-12 (accessed 27.02.2023) (in Ukrainian).
Pilichowski, S., Filip, R., Ko?cielska, A., Zy?niewska, A., Iszku?o, G. 2018. Influence of Viscum album ssp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollm. on tree radial growth of Pinus sylvestris L. [Electronic resource]. Sylwan, 162.6: 452–459. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325809696 (accessed 27.02.2023).
POWO [About Plants of the World Online]. 2023. [Electronic resource]. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Viscum %20austriacum (accessed 27.02.2023).
Procherk [At meeting, Department discussed the results of inspection of sanitary condition of forests]. 2022. [Electronic resource]. Cherkasy regional online-media "Procherk". Available at: https://procherk.info/news/7-cherkassy/103768-na-naradi-v-upravlinni-obgovorili-rezultati-obstezhennja-sanitarnogo-stanu-lisiv (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian).
Rigling, A., Eilmann, B., Koechli, R., Dobbertin, M. 2010. Mistletoe-induced crown degradation in Scots pine in a xeric environment. Tree Physiology, 30.7: 845–852. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq038
Sanguesa-Barreda, G., Linares, J. C., Camarero, J. J. 2012. Mistletoe effects on Scots pine decline following drought events: Insights from within-tree spatial patterns, growth and carbohydrates. Tree Physiology, 32.5: 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tps031
Schr?der, L., Hohnjec, N., Senkler, M., Senkler, J., K?ster, H., Braun H.-P. 2022. The gene space of European mistletoe (Viscum album). The Plant Journal, 109.1: 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15558
SE Cherkasy forestry [Central-Western interregional management of forestry and hunting. Lists of datasets on sanitary felling by state forestry enterprises]. 2023. [Electronic resource]. Central-Western IMFH. Available at: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1uVAhgCq1evMHvaff-4_Iwzu790MTdYMs (accessed 31.01.2023) (in Ukrainian).
SE Vyschedubechanskyy forestry [Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev forest management and the hunting economy. Measures to improve the sanitary state of forests]. 2022a. [Electronic resource]. Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev FMHE. Available at: https://kyivlis.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Akt_lisopatologichnogo_obstezhennya_nasadzhen-3.pdf (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian).
SE Vyschedubechanskyy forestry [Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev forest management and the hunting economy. Measures to improve the sanitary state of forests]. 2022b. [Electronic resource]. Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev FMHE. Available at: https://kyivlis.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Akt-lisopatologichnogo-obstezhennya-nasadzhen-05.09.2022.pdf. (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian).
SE Vyschedubechanskyy forestry [Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev forest management and the hunting economy. Measures to improve the sanitary state of forests]. 2022c. [Electronic resource]. Kiev Oblast and the city of Kiev FMHE. Available at: https://kyivlis.gov.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Akt-sanitarno-lisopatologichnogo-obstezhennya-DP-Vyshhedubechanske-lisove-gospodarstvo-30.12.21.pdf (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian).
SFRA of Ukraine [Forest protection against pests and deceases]. 2023. [Electronic resource]. State Forest Resources Agency of Ukraine. Available at: https://forest.gov.ua/napryamki-diyalnosti/lisove-gospodarstvo/ohorona-i-zahist-lisiv/zahist-lisiv-vid-shkidnikiv-ta-hvorob (accessed 27.02.2023) (in Ukrainian).
Shvidenko, A. Z., Buksha, I. F., Krakovska, S. V. 2018. Vulnerability of Ukrainе’s forests to climate change. Kyiv, Nika-Center, 184 p.
Szmidla, H., Tkaczyk, M., Plewa, R., Tarwacki, G., Sierota, Z. 2019. Impact of common mistletoe (Viscum album L.) on Scots pine forests – a call for action. Forests, 10(847): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100847
Thomas, P. A., Dering, M., Giertych, M. J., Iszku?o, G., Tomaszewski, D., Briggs, J. 2022. Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland: Viscum album. Journal of Ecology, 303: 701–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365- 2745.14036
Tsylyuryk, А. V. and Urdyakov, І. М. 2012. The bioecological and morphological characteristics of mistletoe austrian (Viscum avstriacum W.) and its spreading throughout the Kyiv urban forests. [Electronic resource]. Scientific reports of NULES, 3.32. Available at: https://nd.nubip.edu.ua/2012_3/12cav.pdf (accessed 20.12.2022) (in Ukrainian)..
UkrBIN [Ukrainian Biodiversity Information Network]. 2022. [Electronic resource]. UkrBIN Team. Available at: https://ukrbin.com/index.php?id=318756 (accessed 01.12.2022).
Yan, C.-F., Gessler, A., Rigling, A., Dobbertin, M., Han, X.-G., Li, M.-H. 2016. Effects of mistletoe removal on growth, N and C reserves, and carbon and oxygen isotope composition in Scots pine hosts. Tree Physiology, 36.5:
–575. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpw024
Yelpitiforov, E. M., Ivanytska, B. A., Malashuk, O. V. 2017. Comparative analysis of the content of chemical elements Viscum album L. і Viscum album subsp. austriacum (Wiesb.) Vollmann. Scientific Bulletin of UNFU, 27.5: 93–97 (in Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.15421/40270519
Yukhnovskyi, V., Urliuk, Yu., Khryk, V., Levandovska, S. 2019. Sanitary state of water-protection pine plantations in the interfluve of Dnieper and Desna. Agrobiology, 2: 88–95. https://doi.org/10.33245/2310-9270-2019-153-2-88-95
Zuber, D. 2004. Biological flora of Central Europe: Viscum album L. Flora – Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199(3): 181–203. https://doi.org/10.1078/0367-2530-00147
Zuber, D. and Widmer, A. 2009. Phylogeography and host race differentiation in the European mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Molecular Ecology, 18(9): 1946–1962. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04168.x
Zweifel, R., Bangerter, S., Rigling, A., Sterck, F. J. 2012. Pine and mistletoes: How to live with a leak in the water flow and storage system? Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(7): 2565–2578. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err432
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.