TY - JOUR AU - Tereshchenko, L. I. AU - Los, S. A. AU - Petrenko, M. I. AU - Samoday, V. P. PY - 2019/12/27 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Productivity and condition of Austrian pine (Pinus nigra var. Austriaca Asch. et Gr.) in central and north-eastern parts of Ukraine JF - Forestry and Forest Melioration JA - Forest. and Forest Melior. VL - 0 IS - 135 SE - TREE BREEDING AND DENDROLOGY DO - 10.33220/1026-3365.135.2019.68 UR - http://forestry-forestmelioration.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/234 SP - 68-78 AB - <p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"><strong>Introduction</strong></span></span></p><p align="justify"><a name="_GoBack"></a> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Austrian </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">pine is naturally distributed in the Central Europe mountains, where it forms</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> resistant stands</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> at an altitude of 250–1</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">,</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">800 m. Due to environmental plasticity, Black pine is one of the most common species in forest regeneration worldwide. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Thanks</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> to its high </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ornamentality</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> and resistance to air pollution, this species is widespread in parks and urban and industrial areas. </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">T</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">he species </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">was introduced </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">in</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">to</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> Ukraine about 200 years</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> ago</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">. Dobrovolsky recommended us</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ing</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">it</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> on richer </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">type</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">s of sandy soils and sandy loam</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">s</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">, transitional to </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">clay-</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">loams, </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">for </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">marginal pine forests with a small admixture of deciduous trees and shade-tolerant shrubs.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"><em>The </em></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>aim</em></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"><em> of the work</em></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> was to characterize the </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Austrian</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> pine </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">stands of various ages</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> of the first and second generation</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">s</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> in Kirovo</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">h</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">rad, Kharkiv and Sumy </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">R</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">egions</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">and conduct</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> a </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">comprehensive assessment of </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">their productivity</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">, trunk quality and condition.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Materials and methods</strong></span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Five Austrian pine</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">stands were observed in Kirovohrad, Kharkiv and Sumy Regions during 2017–2018. The stands assessment was carried out based on the average height and diameter, an average tree volume, selection category, health category and reproduction. Mensuration variables were determined by generally accepted methods; both the selection category and the health category were defined according to the classification developed by the Laboratory of Forest Tree Breeding of URIFFM. Furthermore, the variability level of the growth indices was determined based on S. S. Mamayev scale. Growth rates of Austrian pine and Sсot</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">с</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">h pine were compared by means of Student's test. Prospective viability of Austrian pine was determined according to a 3-point scale.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Results</strong></span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">In the State Enterprise “Oleksandrivske Forest Economy” in Kirovohrad Region in the fresh fairly infertile site, Austrian pine and S</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">с</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ots pine grow according to the II productivity class. Austrian pine at the age of 117 reached the height of 26.5 m which was 6.4% shorter than the Scots pine. Moreover, its diameter was 32.7 cm and it was 19.9% less than that of Scots pine. The Student’s test showed that the diameter of Austrian pines is significantly less than that of Scots pines </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">(</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span><sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">fact</span></span></sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">&nbsp;=&nbsp;4.83</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">, </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span><sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">St&nbsp;</span></span></sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">=</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">&nbsp;</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">1</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">98)</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">. The stands are normal by their selection structure; the trees of the second breeding category at the age of 117 made 14% of all trees. At that</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">,</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> more than half of the trees had straight trunks.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> Over the last 7 years, the stands’ health has worsened. Thus,</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">t</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">he trees of excellent condition made 7% only.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">In severe steppe conditions in Veseli Bokovenky Dendrology Selection Forest Experemental Center, Kirovohrad Region, Austrian pine had an alley</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">arrangement and was growing accoding to the VI productivity class. The average height of the 80</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">–</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">82-year-old trees was 17.2 m and their diameter was 28.1 cm. According to the yield tables, Austrian pine trees had 3% better height indices and 57.9% better diameter ones compared to Scots pine trees of the same age and productivity class. Most of the trees had straight trunks. The trees of I and II selection categories made 20.5%. At that, the share of minus trees was considerable, namely 36.4%. The trees of good and satisfactory conditions (73.3%) prevailed, 17.8% of trees had unsatisfactory condition. Almost all the trees had formed cones.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The stand in Neskuchanske Forestry in the State Enterprise “Trostyanets Forest Economy” in Sumy Region in fresh fairly fertile site had the III productivity class. The height of 114-year-old Austrian pine trees ranged from 21.5 to 24.5 m, their diameter varied from 29.3 to 57.3 cm. Scots pine trees in this stand had the height from 22.5 to 25.0 m and diameter from 30.6 to 43.0 cm. Black pine had an average height which was 6.4% inferior to that of S</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">с</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ots pine. However, its average diameter was 16.9% higher than that of Scotch pine. The Student’s test showed a significant difference (height </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span><sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">fact</span></span></sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> = 2.9, diameter </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span><sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">fact</span></span></sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> = 2.5, </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>t</em></span></span><sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>St</em></span></span></sub><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> = 2.04 at </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>P</em></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.95).</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">In the State Enterprise “Kharkiv Forest Research Station” arboretum, in the fresh fertile site, where Austrian and Scots pines are planted as alleys, Austrian pine had the I productivity class and Scots pine I</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">a</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">. Austrian pine had the height variation level twice as high as Scots pine (13.6% vs. 7.4%). The Scots pine trees with straight trunks made 25%, while only 16.7% of Scots trees had straight trunks.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The analysis of the 27-year-old mix forest stand on eroded lands in the Oleksandrivske Forest Economy showed that the conservation status of Austrian pine was 33%; that of English oak was 35%. The growth of Scots pine in the fresh fairly fertile site corresponds to the 1</span></span><sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">B</span></span></sup><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> productivity class, the growth of the rest of the species – to the I class. The yield table data demonstrated that Scots pine trees were 9.4% higher and 56.6% wider in their diameter. At that, Austrian pine trees dropped 14.7% behind in their height and 1.0% in their diameter. Trees of the 1st selection category were only among Austrian pines (2.4%).</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> The total share of trees of I and II categories were 26.1%. The proportion of trees of 2nd selection category was 18.2% for Scots pine and 13.8% for English oak. </span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The comprehensive assessment of the studied stands provided the following data. Austrian pine scored more points than Scotch pine (3/4 cases) and the same number of points in the 27-year-old stand. Therefore, it is considered promising for planting forests and protective stands on eroded soils as well as for landscaping.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"><strong>Сonclusions</strong></span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Austrian</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> pine </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">drops</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> behind </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Scotch</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> pine </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">by</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> height</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> in all studied stands</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">, but in most </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">of the </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">cases it prevails by diameter, has </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">higher-quality</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> trunks and </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">is of </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">better condition. According to the results of </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">the</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> comprehensive </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">assessment</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">, Austrian pine has scored more or </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">the same</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">points </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">with</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Scotch</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> pine.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">Austrian pine is recognized as promising for </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">plan</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">t</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ing</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> forest</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">s</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> and protective </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">stand</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">s on eroded soils</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> in central and north-eastern parts of Ukraine. Furthermore,</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> with moderate recreational load </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">it </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">is able to perform ameliorative functions, and thanks to </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">its</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> high ornamental</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ity</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> it is promising for landscape gardening.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">To</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> further introduc</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">e</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> the species, it is necessary to expand the forest </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">seed </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">plantation base, namely: to select plus trees, to </span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">establish</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA"> clonal and family seed plantations.</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> At the present stage it is recommended to use the best stands for harvesting cones.</span></span></p><p align="justify"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>2 Figs., 3 Tables, 20 Refs.</strong></span></span></p> ER -