@article{Davydenko_Baturkin_2020, title={Pine engraver beetle Ips acuminatus as a potential vector of Sphaeropsis sapinea}, url={http://forestry-forestmelioration.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/268}, DOI={10.33220/1026-3365.136.2020.149}, abstractNote={<p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><strong>Introduction</strong></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">Scots pine (</span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Pinus sylvestris</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> L) is the main forest-forming tree species in Ukraine. For many years, a gradual decline of Scots pine forest has been observed in Ukrainian regions </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">caused by forest pests and diseases. Among forest infectious diseases, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Sphaeropsis sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> (Fr.) Dyko & B.Sutton causes shoot blight, canker, collar rot, root disease, and blue stain of </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">many pine species and conifers of various ages in forest stands. The pathogen was found in Ukraine for the first time in the 1990s but no records of an outbreak or massive decline caused by </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> had been observed until 2010. Moreover, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> was found to be in close association with </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">the pine engraver beetle, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Ips acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> in Ukraine as well as in other countries. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>The aim of the study</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> was to determine whether the pine engraver beetle </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Ips acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> is a vector for the </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> pathogen and to confirm Leach’s postulates for this: (1) a close association between </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> and trees affected by Diplodia tip blight; (2) regular visit by </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> to healthy Scots pine forest; (3) the presence of the pathogen on the insect in nature; and (4) whether </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> can successfully vector the pathogen to disease-free host material under controlled conditions.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="color: #1c1e29;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><strong>Materials and Methods</strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><a name="_GoBack"></a> <span style="color: #1c1e29;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">The f</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">ield study was carried out in 2016 in Sumy Region in Ukraine. To confirm a connection between </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> and diseased trees (postulate 1), </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">an</span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">inspection of cut Scots pine trees attacked by </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> was carried out to find trees infested by bark beetles and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">. Simultaneously, examination and sampling of Scots pine trees attacked by </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> were carried out in </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">disease-free</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">stands (postulate 2). To determine whether the pathogen occurs on the insects in nature (postulate 3), samples of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> were checked for the pathogen presence using m</span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">orphological and molecular (PCR) identification. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">To confirm the vector of the pathogen by </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus, </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">the disease was produced experimentally under controlled conditions (postulate 4) on healthy shoots which were attacked by artificially inoculated specimens of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">. Afterward, all branches were visually checked</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">to find symptoms of Spaheropsis shoot blight. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><strong>Results</strong></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">A sampling of Scots pine needles and shoots resulted in 197 morphological groups of fungal cultures. Molecular analyses of fungal morphological groups using </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> specific primers demonstrated the</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">absence of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">at the disease-free area as well as </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> presence at the infested site. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Samples of </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">specimens of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">and shoots with signs of maturation feeding or breeding galleries were analysed aiming to identify fungal phytopathogens, in particular</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ophiostomatoid fungi and</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">To confirm that the bark beetles of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">can vector pathogen</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">during maturation feeding or making breeding galleries into branches with </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus, </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">the disease was produced experimentally under controlled conditions. The branch samples examination on presence/absence </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">demonstrated a capacity of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">to vector </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. Sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>. </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">In general, 62.9% of all branches (44% of needle samples and 82% of wood samples) showed presence of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S.</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em> </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">, while no confirmation of presence </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> in control samples was n found, and all groups showed significant difference comparing with control. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><strong>Conclusion</strong></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT" align="justify"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">To conclude, </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">is is probably a vector of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S.</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em> </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">, according to Leach’s postulates. Our study demonstrated that specimens of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> were associated with numerous of fungi species which were generally dominated by tree pathogens, namely </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>Sphaeropsis sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> and ophiostomatoid species. The connection between opportunistic pathogen </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S. sapinea </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> is of considerable importance to forest health, particularly to drought-stressed Scots pines. The presence of </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>S.</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em> </em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>sapinea</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> in galleries and on the surface of the beetle indicates that </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><em>I. acuminatus</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> may transport the pathogen and later introduce it into healthy trees. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><strong>4 Figs., 2 Tables, 23 Refs.</strong></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="lt-LT"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"><strong>Key words: </strong></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">Sphaeropsis tip blight</span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB">, insect-fungus interaction,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-GB"> Scots pine.</span></span></span></p>}, number={136}, journal={Forestry and Forest Melioration}, author={Davydenko, K. V. and Baturkin, D. O.}, year={2020}, month={Jun.}, pages={149–156} }