@article{Bogomolov_2020, title={Approaches to optimizing the lookout towers placement in a forest enterprise}, url={http://forestry-forestmelioration.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/263}, DOI={10.33220/1026-3365.136.2020.102}, abstractNote={<p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Introduction</strong></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Recently, we have witnessed a global warming of 0.8°C compared to the pre-industrial period. Climate warming in Ukraine has resulted in increasing number and area of fires. Among the traditional methods to minimize fire damage, the most effective one is their early detection and organization of effective fire surveillance with the usage of fire lookout towers. Apart from equipping existing television surveillance systems with TV cameras, there is a necessity to install new lookout towers or involve the cellular operators towers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>The aim of the study</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> was to find approaches to how analyse the effectiveness of the fire lookout network of forestry enterprises equipped with television surveillance systems and to provide recommendations on how to extend the network.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Materials and Methods</strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">To analyze existing networks of lookout towers and to project their expansion, the author has developed special software in C#, which is based on a computer apparatus of spheroidal geodesy and some well-known algorithms for operating data. The initial information for the calculations was digital elevation models (DEM)</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">produced by ALOS, forest management data of the Ukrderzhlisproekt (tax and cartographic) and data obtained at the available lookout towers.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The efficiency of the lookout network was measured using the numerical value of the towers coverage. The tower coverage stands for a certain area or a set of the DEM cells which can be seen from the top of the tower with no obstacles.</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Double or triple coverage is an area that can be seen simultaneously from two or three towers respectively.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Forest management data were used to exclude parts of the territory with a low level of natural fire hazard from the observation area</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">as well as to determine the height of smoke rise.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The methods for solving the following problems are presented:</span></span></span></span></p> <ul> <li> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">calculating the coverage area of a tower with variable values of the observation range and smoke height;</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">calculating the coverage area of the lookout network;</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">identifying promising places for installing surveillance cameras on DEM;</span></span></span></span></p> </li> <li> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">choosing the best option for placing television surveillance cameras.</span></span></span></span></p> </li> </ul> <p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Results and Conclusions</strong></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods, the calculation of coverage variants for combinations of observation towers at two forestry enterprises in eastern Ukraine was performed. Based on the results of the calculations, variants of the sets of towers with the largest observation area were proposed.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>13 Figs., 6 Tables, 19 Refs.</strong></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Key words:</strong></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> fire lookout tower, television surveillance system, visibility area, digital terrain model</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>.</strong></span></span></span></p>}, number={136}, journal={Forestry and Forest Melioration}, author={Bogomolov, V. V.}, year={2020}, month={Jun.}, pages={102–116} }