@article{Andreieva_Zhytova_Martynchuk_Vlasiuk_Stehniak_2019, title={Biotic causes of oak forests weakening in Zhytomyr Region}, url={http://forestry-forestmelioration.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/245}, DOI={10.33220/1026-3365.135.2019.174}, abstractNote={<p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Introduction</strong></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Oak</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">stands occupy</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">about</span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">15 % </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">of</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">the</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">forest</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">area</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">in</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Zhytomyr</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Region</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">.</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> Recently their h</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">ealth</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">condition has</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">worsened</span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="uk-UA">. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">To recognize the biotic causes of oak decline, it is necessary to provide their monitoring, prediction, and prevention.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>The aim of the</em></span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>research</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> was</span></span></span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">to reveal the special aspects of harmful insects and pathogens spread in oak stands in Zhytomyr Region.</span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>Materials and Methods</strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The Database of Ukrderzhlisproekt Production Association (by 2011)</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">, statistical reporting of the Zhytomyr Regional Forestry and Hunting Department and State Specialized Forest Protection Enterprise “Vinnytsyalisozahyst”</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> was analyzed for the State Forest Enterprises in </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Zhytomyr Region as well as the results of own field studies in 2013–2019 in oak stands in the mentioned region. The specific foci area was evaluated by dividing the absolute foci area, expressed in hectares, by the area of deciduous stands, expressed in thousands of hectares.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western" lang="en-US"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><strong>Results</strong></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Since the beginning of the millennium, two outbreaks of foliage browsing insects have been registered in the region. Polyphagous geometrids </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>Operophtera brumata </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">(Linnaeus</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>, </em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">1758) and </span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>Erannis defoliaria</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> (Clerck, 1759) </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">dominated in the foci, and several other Lepidoptera from families Tortricidae, Noctuidae and Pyralidae were present. The first outbreak began in 2002 and covered over 16 thousand ha. It ceased in 2008. The second outbreak started in 2010. The threat of foliage damage in 2012–2014 exceeded 50 % at 16.6–18.7 % from the total foci area, and in other years, up to 2018, the threat of foliage damage was below 25 %.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Maximal foci area (over 3,000 ha) was registered in the State Forest Enterprises Berdychivske, Zhytomyrske and Gorodnytske, and maximal specific foci area in the State Forest Enterprise Gorodnytske (633.5 ha per 1,000 ha of oak stands).</span></span></span></p> <p lang="uk-UA"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Oak foliage was also damaged by</span></span> <span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>Melolontha hippocastani </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Fabricius, 1801 </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">and </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>Melolontha melolontha </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Linnaeus, 1758)</span></span> <span style="font-size: medium;">(Scarabaeidae)</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">, oak flea beetle </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>Altica quercetorum</em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> Foudras, 1860)</span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> (Chrysomelidae), </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>Lymantria dispar</em></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Linnaeus, 1758)</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">, </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>Euproctis (Euproctis) chrysorrhoea </em></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;">(Linnaeus, 1758) </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">and </span></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><em>Calliteara pudibunda</em></span><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Linnaeus, 1758)</span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> (Lymantriidae)</span></span><span style="font-size: medium;">.</span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">The largest area of diseases in oak stands was registered for oak bacterial cancer (the pathogen </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>Pseudomonas quercus</em></span></span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> Schem</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">) and fungal diseases caused by </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>Phellinus robustus</em></span></span></span> <span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US">Bourd. et Galz. and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><em>Armillaria</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"> sp. The area of oak bacterial cancer increased in the years when foliage browsing insects’ outbreaks were decaying – in 2008 and 2013. The largest area of pests and diseases were registered in the State Forest Enterprise Berdychivske. </span></span></span></p> <p class="western"><span style="font-family: ’Times New Roman’, serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span lang="en-US"><strong>6 Figs., 1 Table, 27 Refs.</strong></span></span></span></p>}, number={135}, journal={Forestry and Forest Melioration}, author={Andreieva, O. Yu. and Zhytova, O. P. and Martynchuk, I. V. and Vlasiuk, V. P. and Stehniak, V. D.}, year={2019}, month={Dec.}, pages={174–183} }